[Latin Name] Salix alba L.

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications] Salicin 15-98%

[Appearance] Yellow Brown to White powder

Plant Part Used: Bark

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

Brief Introduction

Salicin is a naturally occurring compound found in the bark of several species of trees, primarily North American in origin, that are from the willow, poplar, and aspen families. White willow, from whose Latin name, Salix alba, the term salicin is derived, is the most well known source of this compound, but it is found in a number of other trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants as well being synthesized commercially. It is a member of the glucoside family of chemicals and is used as an analgesic and antipyretic. Salicin is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.

A colorless, crystalline solid in its pure form, salicin has the chemical formula C13H18O7. Part of its chemical structure is equivalent to the sugar glucose, meaning it is classified as a glucoside. It is soluble, but not strongly so, in water and alcolhol. Salicin has a bitter taste and is a natural analgesic and antipyretic, or fever reducer. In large quantities, it can be toxic, and overdoses may lead to liver and kidney damage. In its raw form, it may be mildly irritating to skin, respiratory organs, and eyes.

Function

1. Salicin is used to ease pain and reduce inflammation.

2. Relieve acute and chronic pain, including headache, back and neck pain, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps; Control arthritis discomforts.

3. Relieve acute and chronic pain.

4. It has the same effect on the body as aspirin without any of the side effects.

5. It is an anti-inflammatory, a fever reducer, an analgesic, an anti-rheumatic, and an astringent. Specifically, it helps to relieve headaches.

Application

1.Anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic,

2.Reduce a fever,

3.Use as an analgesic and astringent,

4.Relieve headache,

5.Ease pain caused by rheumatism, arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

How to approach histology for Human Anatomy students. Using a key will help get you through it! Add some penguin fairy dust will help too!

There are lots of histology keys out there, but the one I showed in the video is here: https://www.penguinprof.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431323/histology_key.jpg

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Details:

Tissue in the human body:

Epithelial: Is made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical & basal surfaces.

A basement membrane is the attachment between the basal surface of the cell & the underlying connective tissue.

Two types of epithelial tissues: (1) Covering & lining epithelia and (2) Glandular Epithelium.

The number of cell layers & the shape of the cells in the top layer can classify epithelium.

Simple Epithelium – one cell layer
Stratified epithelium – two or more cell layers
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – When cells of an epithelial tissue are all anchored to the basement Membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface.
Glandular Epithelium — (1) Endocrine: Release hormones directly into the blood stream and (2) Exocrine – Secrete into ducts.

Connective: contains many different cell types including: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and adipocytes. Connective Tissue Matrix is made of two materials: ground substance – proteins and polysaccharides, fiber — reticular, collagen and elastic.

Classification of Connective Tissue:
Loose Connective – fibers & many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin, & surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Dense Connective – Bundles of parallel collagen fibers& fibroblasts, found in tendons& ligaments.
Cartilage – Cartilage is made of collagen & elastin fibers embedded in a matrix glycoprotein & cells called chondrocytes, which was found in small spaces.
Cartilage has three subtypes:
Hyaline cartilage — Weakest, most abundant type, Found at end of long bones, & structures like the ear and nose,
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape, branching elastic fibers distinguish it from hyaline and
Fibrous Cartilage – Strongest type, has dense collagen & little matrix, found in pelvis, skull & vertebral discs.

Muscle: is divided into 3 categories, skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle — voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to the muscle fibers and it is mainly found attached to bones.
Cardiac Muscle — involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle — involuntary, nonstriated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels & the GI tract.

Nervous: Consists of only two cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS):
Neurons – Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain, and Neuroglia — supportive cells.
Neurons — are made up of cell body, axon and dendrites. There are 3 types of neurons:
Motor Neuron — carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands,
Interneuron – interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons
Sensory Neuron — receive information from environment and transmit to CNS.
Neuroglia — is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in the CNS, and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS.

Video abstract of original research paper “In vitro inhibition of hyaluronidase by sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and chlorophyllin analogs” published in the open access journal Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology by McCook et al.

Background: Inhibitors of hyaluronidase are potent agents that maintain hyaluronic acid homeostasis and may serve as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial agents. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex is being used therapeutically as a component in anti-aging cosmeceuticals, and has been shown to have anti-hyaluronidase activity. In this study we evaluated various commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to identify the primary small molecule constituents, and to test various sodium copper chlorophyllin complexes and their small molecule analog compounds for hyaluronidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Ascorbate analogs were tested in combination with copper chlorophyllin complexes for potential additive or synergistic activity.
Materials and methods: For hyaluronidase activity assays, dilutions of test materials were evaluated for hydrolytic activity of hyaluronidase by precipitation of non-digested hyaluronate by measuring related turbidity at 595 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy was used to analyze and identify the primary small molecule constituents in various old and new commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex.
Results: The most active small molecule component of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was disodium copper isochlorin e4, followed by oxidized disodium copper isochlorin e4. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had hyaluronidase inhibitory activity down to 10 μg/mL. The oxidized form of copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had substantial hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL but not at 10 μg/mL. Ascorbate derivatives did not enhance the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Copper isochlorin e4 analogs were always the dominant components of the small molecule content of the commercial lots tested; oxidized copper isochlorin e4 was found in increased concentrations in older compared to newer lots tested.
Conclusion: These results support the concept of using the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to increase the hyaluronic acid level of the dermal extracellular matrix for the improvement of the appearance of aging facial skin.

View the original paper here: https://www.dovepress.com/in-vitro-inhibition-of-hyaluronidase-by-sodium-copper-chlorophyllin-co-peer-reviewed-article-CCID