[Latin Name] Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Nees

[Plant Source] Whole herb

[Specification] Andrographolides 10%-98% HPLC

[Appearance] White powder

Plant Part Used: Herb

[Particle size] 80Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

[What is Andrographis?]

Andrographis paniculata is a bitter tasting annual plant, referred to as the “King of Bitters.” It has white-purple flowers and it is native to Asia and India where it has been valued for centuries for its numerous medicinal benefits. Over the past decade, andrographis has become popular in America where it is often used alone and in combination with other herbs for a variety of health purposes.

[How does it work?]

According to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the active ingredient in andrographis is andrographolides. Due to the andrographolides, andrographis has potent anti-inflammatory and antimalarial properties. It also has antimicrobial properties, meaning it can help to fight off and prevent infections from harmful microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. In addition, andrographis is a powerful antioxidant and it can help to prevent free radical induced damage to your cells and DNA

[Function]

Cold and Flu

Scientists have discovered that andrographis helps to boost the immune system by stimulating the body’s production of antibodies and macrophages, which are large white blood cells that scavenge harmful microorganisms. It is taken for both the prevention and treatment of the common cold, and it is often referred to as Indian echinacea. It might help lessen the severity of cold symptoms such as sleeplessness, fever, nasal drainage and sore throat.

Cancer, Viral Infections and Heart Health

Andrographis may also help to prevent and treat cancer, and preliminary studies done in test tubes found that extracts of andrographis help to treat stomach, skin, prostate and breast cancer. Due to the herb’s antiviral properties, andrographis is used to treat herpes and it is also currently being studied as a treatment for Aids and HIV as well. Andrographis also promotes heart health and can help to prevent the formation of blood clots as well as to dissolve already formed blood clots. In addition, the herb relaxes smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels and thereby helps to reduce high blood pressure.

Additional Benefits

Andrographis is used to promote gallbladder and digestive health. It also helps to support and strengthen the liver and it is used in combination with other herbs in several Ayurvedic formulations to treat liver disorders. Finally, andrographis extracts taken orally have been found to help neutralize the poisonous effects of snake venom.

Dosage and Precautions

The therapeutic dose of andrographis is 400 mg, twice daily, for up to 10 days. Although andrographis is considered safe in humans, the NYU Langone Medical Center warns that animal studies suggest that it may impair fertility. Andrographis may cause unwanted side effects such as headaches, fatigue, allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea, altered taste and pain in the lymph nodes. It may also interact with certain medications and as with any supplement you should consult your health care practitioner before taking the herb.

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1. Contact me at kgahern@davincipress.com / Friend me on Facebook (kevin.g.ahern)
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Carbohydrates Lecture II Highlights
1.Linking together of more than one sugar residues creates higher order saccharides – disaccharides, trisaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. Most of the linkages in higher order saccharides involve glycosidic bonds.
3. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
4. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, whereas lactose is a reducing sugar.
5. Oligosaccharides are components of glycoproteins.
6. The most common polysaccharides include glycogen, cellulose, starch, chitin.
7. Polysaccharides can be homopolymers or heteropolymers. Homopolymers include glycogen, cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, and chitin.
8. Glycogen is an animal energy storage polysaccharide, amylopectin and amylose combine to form starch, which is a plant energy storage polysaccharide, cellulose is a plant structural polysaccharide, and chitin is a component of insect exoskeletons.
9. The enzyme cellulase is required to digest the beta 1-4 bonds of cellulose. Ruminants and ungulates contain the bacterium that makes that enzyme.
10. Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharides that contain either N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine. They are polyanionic and have interesting chemical properties. Examples include chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfates of connective tissue, dermatan sulfates, heparin, hyaluronic acid, and others.
11. Proteoglycans are complexes of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that form feathery structures.
12. Glycoproteins consist of a protein linked to an oligosaccharide, usually via an ‘N’ or an ‘O’ linkage. N linkages occur through asparagine of the protein. O linkages occur across serine or threonine of the protein.
13. Oligosaccharides on proteins and lipids have functions in cellular identity and can be recognized and bound by immunoglobulins.
14. Oligosaccharides on the surface of cells help give them their identity. A,B, and O blood group antigens give rise to the various blood types and these arise from carbohydrates on their cell surfaces.
15. Transplanted organs suffer rejection when the new organ has a different oligosaccharide pattern than the organ the recipient originally had. This encourages the immune system to attack it as foreign.
16. All N-linked glycoproteins have the same core of five carbohydrate residues.
17. N-linked glycoproteins have glycosylation (addition of carbohydrate residues) occurring in the endoplamic reticulum and Golgi complex of the cell. O-linked glycoproteins have glycosylation occuring only in the Golgi complex.
18. Movement of modified proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex allows for additional carbohydrate modifications to occur, followed by targeting to 1) the cell membrane, 2) release from the cell, or 3) the lysosome.
19. Two terms that you should be aware of are Haworth structures and Fischer projections. Haworth structures refer to the ring forms of sugars. The straight chain forms are referred to as Fischer projections.
20. Oligosaccharides destined to be linked to proteins to make glycoproteins are “built” on dolichol phosphate on the outer portion of the endoplasmic reticulum and then this “flips” to the inside for attachment.
21. Specific carbohydrate residues on the surface glycoproteins of blood cells are binding targets for hemagluttanin proteins on the surface of flu viruses. To exit a cell, the virus must cleave the sialic acid off with a neuraminidase enzyme. Anti-flu drugs like tamiflu act by inhibiting the action of the neuraminidase.

Signaling Highlights
1. Signaling is essential for cells in multicellular organisms to communicate with each other.
2. To do so, cells use first messengers (usually hormones), such as epinephrine (adrenalin), insulin, or epidermal growth factor.
3. Upon binding to a specific receptor on a target cell, the first messenger elicits a response that results in production of a second messenger inside of the target cell. Second messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium, diacylglycerol, PIP3, and others.