[Latin Name] Salix alba L.

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications] Salicin 15-98%

[Appearance] Yellow Brown to White powder

Plant Part Used: Bark

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

Brief Introduction

Salicin is a naturally occurring compound found in the bark of several species of trees, primarily North American in origin, that are from the willow, poplar, and aspen families. White willow, from whose Latin name, Salix alba, the term salicin is derived, is the most well known source of this compound, but it is found in a number of other trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants as well being synthesized commercially. It is a member of the glucoside family of chemicals and is used as an analgesic and antipyretic. Salicin is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.

A colorless, crystalline solid in its pure form, salicin has the chemical formula C13H18O7. Part of its chemical structure is equivalent to the sugar glucose, meaning it is classified as a glucoside. It is soluble, but not strongly so, in water and alcolhol. Salicin has a bitter taste and is a natural analgesic and antipyretic, or fever reducer. In large quantities, it can be toxic, and overdoses may lead to liver and kidney damage. In its raw form, it may be mildly irritating to skin, respiratory organs, and eyes.

Function

1. Salicin is used to ease pain and reduce inflammation.

2. Relieve acute and chronic pain, including headache, back and neck pain, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps; Control arthritis discomforts.

3. Relieve acute and chronic pain.

4. It has the same effect on the body as aspirin without any of the side effects.

5. It is an anti-inflammatory, a fever reducer, an analgesic, an anti-rheumatic, and an astringent. Specifically, it helps to relieve headaches.

Application

1.Anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic,

2.Reduce a fever,

3.Use as an analgesic and astringent,

4.Relieve headache,

5.Ease pain caused by rheumatism, arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

The spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the effect of a sample on a beam of light. We can learn a lot about a substance by studying the way it interacts with light.

In this video, we’ll demonstrate how to use a spectrophotometer to perform a basic experiment: determining the absorbance spectrum of red food coloring.

Included in the video is a short animation that illustrates the inner workings of a spectrophotometer.

Special thanks to Joe Issa and the Gaston College Biotechnology department for helping to make this video.

Practice using a virtual spec: https://www.ncbionetwork.org/educational-resources/elearning

Heres the list people….
Methadone-oral 80-90%, halflife- 24-36 hours, rectal 76%
Ketobemiodone oral was 34% +/-10%, rectally 44% +/- 9%, half-life is 2.25- 2.45 hours
Meperidine rectal bioavailability is approximately 55%, 80% to 85% IM, elimination half-life 3.0 h
Buprenorphine highly protein bound 96%, sublingual bioavailability is approximately 30%, oral is 15-22%, 90-100% IM, elimination half-life is 12-44 hours
Hydromorphone– 5-8 times as potent as morphine, intranasal- 52.4%, Rectal administration 33% ,Oral-30-35%, (also reported as 50.7% +/- 29.8% oral; 33% +/- 22% rectal; 54.4% – 59.8% nasal)
Dihydrocodeine oral-20-21% halflife 4 hours
Heroin oral ~35% IV- 100% IM-85% Smoked (or vaporized?) 52-55% vaporized Semisynthetic derivative, Intranasal 44-61%
Fentanyl- Bioavailability 92% (transdermal), 50% (sublingual/ buccal (against cheek), Protein binding 80-85%, half-life 3-12 hours
Sufentanil intranasal bio- 78%,
Remifentanil Protein binding 70% (bound to plasma proteins) Half life 1-20 minutes
Alfentanil- IV ~100%, 92% protein binding, half life is 1.5-2 hours
Morphine ~32% oral/rectal, insuffulated- 15-20%, Chitosan(a linear polysaccharide that helps absorb drugs better) has been shown to increase nasal bioavailability of morphine from around 10-20% to over 60%, SC-60%, protein binding 30-40%, half-life is 2-3 hours
Oxycodone-oral 60-87% intranasal- widely varies 45-70%
Hydrocodone- oral bioavailability is not really known but it is around oxycodone bioavailability, ~70% of it is usually absorbed, half-life is 4-8 hours
Oxymorphone nasal bioavailabilty [43%] orals low 10-20%
Butorphanol -oral 5-17% due to high first pass metabolism
Tramadol- the absolute bioavailability of rectally admistered tramadol in the suppositories was 77.0%, Oral-68-72% (Increases with repeated dosing) Half life 5-7 hours
Codeine- following rectal or oral administration with a systemic availability of about 90%; in one study clearance varied 4-fold and systemic availability after oral dosage was between 50 and 84%
Diphenoxylate Protein binding 74-95% Half life 12-14 hours used for diarrhea, (does not appreciably cross the blood-brain barrier)
Pethidine(meperidine) Absorption Oral bioavailability is 50-60% in patients with normal hepatic function. IM 80-85%, Protein Binding 65-75%, Half Life 3-5 hours
Normeperidine is about half as potent as meperidine, but it has twice the CNS stimulation effects.
Pentazocine- Bioavailability ~20% orally, Half-life 2 to 3 hours

Opiate Antagonists
Naloxone oral- 2-4% (90% absorption but high first-pass metabolism), Half life 1-1.5 hours
Naltrexone Oral Bioavailability 5-40%, Protein binding 21%, Half life-4 hours (naltrexone),
and 13 hours (6-β-naltrexol) (metabolite)