[Latin Name] Brassica oleracea L.var.italica L.

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications]10:1

[Appearance] Light green to green powder

Plant Part Used: whole plant

[Particle size] 60 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤8.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

Broccoli is a member of the cabbage family, and is closely related to cauliflower. Its cultivation originated in Italy. Broccolo, its Italian name, means “cabbage sprout.” Because of its different components, broccoli provides a range of tastes and textures, from soft and flowery (the floret) to fibrous and crunchy (the stem and stalk). Broccoli contains glucosinolates, phytochemicals which break down to compounds called indoles and isothiocyanates (such as sulphoraphane). Broccoli also contains the carotenoid, lutein. Broccoli is an excellent source of the vitamins K, C, and A, as well as folate and fiber. Broccoli is a very good source of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and the vitamins B6 and E.

Main Function

(1).With the function of anti-cancer, and effectively improving capability of blood scavenging;

(2).Having the great effect to prevent and regulate hypertension;

(3).With the function of enhancing liver detoxification, improve immunity;

(4).With the function of reducing blood sugar and cholesterol.

4. Application

(1).As drugs raw materials of anti-cancer, it is mainly used in pharmaceutical field;

(2).Applied in health product field, it can be used as raw material in health food, the purpose is to enhance immunity

(3).Applied in food fields, it is widely used as functional food additive.

Stevia grows best in upland areas in sub-tropical climate. In other places it can be grown as an annual. The plant prefers a lightly textured, well-drained soil to which organic matter has been added. It needs ample water so that the soil is consistently moist, but not wet. In hot, sunny climates it will do best in semi-shade. Propagation is from seed sown in spring, but germination rates can be low-expect half the seeds sown not to germinate. Plant seedlings out once all danger of frost is over. Leaves are best harvested just before flowering. The plants will also grow from cuttings,which are best taken in late winter.The concentration of stevioside in the leaves of Stevia increasing when the plants are grown under long day condition.While, cultivating stevia on a large scale, it can be grown in well-drained red soil and sandy loam soil. The soil should be in the pH range of 6.5-7.5. Saline soils should be avoided to cultivate this plant.

Stevia can be successfully cultivated all around the year all over India expect theareas, which receive snowfall, or temperatures go below 5 degree Celsius in winter.The summer temperatures actually do not affect this plant if the high summer temperatures have already been factored in the cultivation practices.Since seed germination rate is very poor,it is propagated vegetative. Though stem cuttings are used for vegetative tissue culture plants have proven to be the best planting material for Stevia. Tissue culture plants of Stevia are genetically pure, free from pathogens and haveexcellent vigor. The tissue culture plants can be planted throughout the year,expect during peak summer. An ideal planting density is 40,000 plants per acre with spacing of 25×40 cm in a raised bed system. The soil can be enriched with abasal dressing of 25 tons of well rotten farmyard manure/hectare

Soil Type
Stevia requires very good drainage any soil that retain the moisture for very long period of time are unsuitable for Stevia cultivation and should be religiously avoided.Red soil and sandy loam with a 6-7 pH are best for the cultivation of Stevia.

Raised bed preparation
Forming raised beds is the most economical way to grow Stevia. The raised bed should be of 15 cm in height and 60 cm in width. The distance between each plant 23 cm. This would give a plant population of around 40,000 per acre.

Planting Material
There are basically two options for multiplication. The first is the tissue culture and second the stem cutting. Tissue culture is the best option but many farmers are tempted to try the stem cutting method for multiplication. As per practical experience, stem cutting is sometimes more expensive to produce than the tissue culture since the success rate of the stem cuttings establishment is very low, it takes minimum of 25 weeks for the stem cutting to develop in proper feeding roots for transplantation (younger stem cuttings transplants have shown more than 50% mortality in first few weeks of transplants in main field).

Harvesting
Another important aspect of harvesting is the timing of harvest. It should be noted that at no point of time plants should be allowed to flower since after flowering the Stevioside percentage goes down rapidly and leaves are rendered unmarketable. Leaves are harvested by plucking in a small quantity, or the entire plant with the side branches is cut leaving 10 to 15 cm from the base.The first harvesting can be done four to five months after planting. Subsequent harvesting can be done every three months, for five consecutive years. The sweetener in the leaf is maximum till the plant flowers. Just before flowering, the plant should be cut completely leaving 10 cm from the ground. The new flush of leaves will sprout from here. The new plant will be ready for harvest again in three months. The plant yields around 3000 kg of dried leaves from an acre of plantation every year. Harvesting should be done as late as possible, since cool autumn temperatures and shorter days tend to intensify the sweetness of the plants as they evolve into a reproductive state.

Unlocking the sweetness in your harvest
Once all leaves have been harvested it’s required to dry them. This can be
accomplished on a net. The drying process is not one that requires excessive heat;more important is good air circulation. On a moderately warm fall day, stevia crop can be quick dried in the full sun in about 12 hours. (Drying times longer than that will lower the stevioside content of the final product.)
Crushing the dried leaves is the final step in releasing stevia’s sweetening power. The
dried leaves are powdered, sieved and the fine powder is stored in containers. This can be done either by hand or, for greater effect, in a coffee grinder or in a special blender for herbs.

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042 – Biological Molecules

Paul Andersen describes the four major biological molecules found in living things. He begins with a brief discussion of polymerization. Dehydration synthesis is used to connect monomers into polymers and hydrolysis breaks them down again. The major characteristics of nucleic acids are described as well as there directionality from 3′ to 5′ end. Protein structure is describes as well as the structure of its monomers; amino acids. The carboxyl and amino ends of a protein are described. The major groups of lipids are included with a brief discussion of saturated, unsaturated and trans fats. Finally carbohydrates and their sugar monomers are discussed.

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All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
→AzaToth. Myoglobin 3D Structure, February 5, 2008. self made based on PDB entry. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png.
en.wikibooks, Original uploader was Calibuon at. English: Each Nucleic Acid Contains Many Building Blocks Called Nucleotides. The Nucleotides Have a Distinctive Structure Composed of Three Components That Held Together by Covalent Bond:a Nitrogen-Containing Base (cytosine,thymine,acenine,guanine, a 5-Carbon Sugar – Ribose or Deoxyribose, a Phosphate Group., November 9, 2008. Transferred from en.wikibooks; transferred to Commons by User:Adrignola using CommonsHelper. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleotides.gif.
“File:Alpha-D-Glucopyranose-2D-Skeletal.png.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png.
“File:Amino Acids.svg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amino_Acids.svg.
“File:Beta-D-Glucopyranose-2D-Skeletal.png.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png.
“File:Biological Cell Vacuole.svg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biological_cell_vacuole.svg.
“File:Common Lipids Lmaps.png.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_lipids_lmaps.png.
“File:Difference DNA RNA-EN.svg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg.
“File:Nyc-Trans-Poster.gif.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, September 11, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nyc-trans-poster.gif&oldid=464648357.
“File:Rasyslami.jpg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasyslami.jpg.
“File:Starchy-Foods..jpg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 18, 2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starchy-foods..jpg.
glycoform. English: 3D Projection of Amylose, Alpha-1-4 Linked Glucose Polymer, January 3, 2009. Own work. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amylose_3Dprojection.corrected.png.
michael. Probable Nucleic Acid Precipitated., May 6, 2007. Probable Nucleic Acid precipitated. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Probable_Nucleic_Acid_precipitated.jpg.
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